For citation:
Udalov P. P., Lukin A. V., Popov I. A., Shtukin L. V., Poletkin K. V. Stability of motion and drift of a rigid body in a non-contact inductive electromagnetic suspension. Izvestiya VUZ. Applied Nonlinear Dynamics, 2026, vol. 34, iss. 2, pp. 247-267. DOI: 10.18500/0869-6632-003203, EDN: OEJBDW
Stability of motion and drift of a rigid body in a non-contact inductive electromagnetic suspension
Purpose of this work is to study the nonlinear dynamics and stability of the motion of a conducting thin ring in the electromagnetic field of two circular inductors.
Methods. The analysis is performed using asymptotic methods of nonlinear mechanics. Numerical methods of bifurcation theory are used to study the average position of a levitating body in the space of key suspension parameters over the period of a rapidly oscillating field.
Results. Assuming a slow evolution of the average position of a levitating body, the conditions for the occurrence and parameters of drift are determined. The stability of the levitation regime is investigated in a refined asymptotic formulation.
Conclusion. It is shown that taking into account the possibility of slow evolution of the average position of a levitating body leads to the formulation of a stability condition related to the relationship between the dissipation of mechanical and electrical nature.
- Martynenko YuG. Motion of a Rigid Body in Electric and Magnetic Fields. Moscow: Nauka; 1988. 368 p. (in Russian).
- Skubov D, Khodzhaev KS. Non-Linear Electromechanics. Berlin: Springer; 2008. 471 p.linebreak. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-44779-5.
- Han HS, Kim DS. Magnetic Levitation: Maglev Technology and Applications. Dordrecht: Springer; 2016. 247 p. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7524-3.
- Poletkin K. Levitation Micro-Systems: Applications to Sensors and Actuators. Cham: Springer; 2021. 174 p. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-58908-0.
- Poletkin K. Levitating micro-actuators: A review. Actuators. 2018;7(2):17. DOI: 10.3390/act7020017.
- Liu K, Zhang W, Chen W, Li K, Dai F, Cui F, Wu X, Ma G, Xiao Q. The development of micro-gyroscope technology. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2009;19(11):113001. DOI: 10.1088/0960-1317/19/11/113001.
- Shearwood C, Ho KY, Williams CB, Gong H. Development of a levitated micromotor for application as a gyroscope. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical. 2000;83(1–3):85–92. DOI: 10.1016/S0924-4247(00)00292-2.
- Poletkin K. Thermal Noise in Levitation Micro-Gyroscopes. In: Levitation Micro-Systems. Microsystems and Nanosystems. Cham: Springer; 2021. P. 135–154. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-58908-0_7.
- Mustafa MNM. Comprehensive review and analysis of the electromagnetic levitation systems (modeling, controllers, nonlinearity sources). E3S Web of Conferences. 2023;371:04027.linebreak. DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/202337104027.
- Poletkin KV, Lu Z, Moazenzadeh A, Mariappan SG, Korvink JG, Wallrabe U, Badilita V. Energy-aware 3D micro-machined inductive suspensions with polymer magnetic composite core. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 2018;1052:012048. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1052/1/012048.
- Shearwood C, Williams CB, Mellor PH, Chang KY, Woodhead J. Electro-magnetically levitated micro-discs. In: IEE Colloquium on Microengineering Applications in Optoelectronics. London: IET; 1996. P. 6/1–6/3. DOI: 10.1049/ic:19960241.
- Williams CB, Shearwood C, Mellor PH, Yates RB. Modelling and testing of a frictionless levitated micromotor. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical. 1997;61(1–3):469–473. DOI: 10.1016/S0924-4247(97)80307-X.
- Shearwood C, Williams CB, Mellor PH, Yates RB, Gibbs MRJ, Mattingley AD. Levitation of a micromachined rotor for application in a rotating gyroscope. Electronics Letters. 1995;31(21):linebreak 1845–1846. DOI: 10.1049/el:19951232.
- Williams CB, Shearwood C, Mellor PH, Mattingley AD, Gibbs MRJ, Yates RB. Initial fabrication of a micro-induction gyroscope. Microelectronic Engineering. 1996;30(1–4):531–534. DOI: 10.1016/0167-9317(95)00302-9.
- Wu XS, Chen WY, Zhao XL, Zhang WP. Micromotor with electromagnetically levitated rotor using separated coils. Electronics Letters. 2004;40(16):996-997. DOI: 10.1049/el:20040601.
- Tsai NC, Huang WM, Chiang CW. Magnetic actuator design for single-axis micro-gyroscopes. Microsyst. Technol. 2009;15:493–503. DOI: 10.1007/s00542-008-0769-y.
- Luan B, Zhang X, Xu F, Yang G, Jin J, Xu C, Sun F, Oka K. High precision magnetic levitation actuator for micro-EDM. Actuators. 2022;11(12):361. DOI: 10.3390/act11120361.
- Xiao Q, Wang Y, Dricot S, Kraft M. Design and experiment of an electromagnetic levitation system for a micro mirror. Microsyst. Technol. 2019;25:3119–3128. DOI: 10.1007/s00542-019-04452-w.
- Poletkin K, Lu Z, Wallrabe U, Korvink J, Badilita V. Stable dynamics of micro-machined inductive contactless suspensions. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences. 2017;131:linebreak 753–766. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2017.08.016.
- Jayawant BV. Electromagnetic suspension and levitation. Reports on Progress in Physics. 1981;linebreak 44(4):411–477. DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/44/4/002.
- Kim NH, Ge L. Dynamic modeling of electromagnetic suspension system. Journal of Vibration and Control. 2013;19(5):729–741. DOI: 10.1177/107754631243860.
- Gysen BL, Janssen JL, Paulides JJ, Lomonova EA. Design aspects of an active electromagnetic suspension system for automotive applications. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 2009;45(5):1589–1597. DOI: 10.1109/TIA.2009.2027097.
- Chu SY, Cui X, Zan X, Avestruz AT. Transfer-power measurement using a non-contact method for fair and accurate metering of wireless power transfer in electric vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. 2021;37(2):1244–1271. DOI: 10.1109/TPEL.2021.3105689.
- Lohofer G. High-resolution inductive measurement of electrical resistivity and density of electromagnetically levitated liquid metal droplets. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2018;89:124709.linebreak. DOI: 10.1063/1.5065482.
- Udalov P, Lukin A, Popov I, Skubov D. Analysis of the Equilibrium of a Magnetic Contactless Suspension. In: Pandey AK, Pal P, Nagahanumaiah ZL, editors. Microactuators, Microsensors and Micromechanisms. MAMM 2022. Mechanisms and Machine Science. Cham: Springer; 2022. P. 183–190. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-20353-4_14.
- Mamleyev ER, Lee CH, Korvink JG, Kohl M, Poletkin KV, Badilita V. Experimental study and simulation of pull-in behavior in hybrid levitation microactuator for square-shaped proof masses. Actuators. 2023;12(2):48. DOI: 10.3390/act12020048.
- Okress EC, Wroughton DM, Comenetz G, Brace PH, Kelly JCR. Electromagnetic levitation of solid and molten metals. J. Appl. Phys. 1952;23(5):545–552. DOI: 10.1063/1.1702249.
- Poletkin K, Chernomorsky AI, Shearwood C, Wallrabe U. A qualitative analysis of designs of micromachined electromagnetic inductive contactless suspension. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences. 2014;82:110–121. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2014.03.013.
- Poletkin KV, Lu Z, Wallrabe U, Korvink JG, Badilita V. A qualitative technique to study stability and dynamics of micro-machined inductive contactless suspensions. In: 2017 19th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems (TRANSDUCERS). 2017, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. New York: IEEE; 2017. P. 528–531. DOI: 10.1109/TRANSDUCERS.2017.7994102.
- Shearwood C, Ho KY, Williams CB, Gong H. Development of a levitated micromotor for application as a gyroscope. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical. 2000;83(1–3):85–92. DOI: 10.1016/S0924-4247(00)00292-2.
- Poletkin K, Lu Z, Wallrabe U, Badilita V. Hybrid electromagnetic and electrostatic micromachined suspension with adjustable dynamics. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 2015;660:012005. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/660/1/012005.
- Poletkin K, Lu Z, Wallrabe U, Badilita V. A new hybrid micromachined contactless suspension with linear and angular positioning and adjustable dynamics. Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems. 2015;24(5):1248–1250. DOI: 10.1109/JMEMS.2015.2469211.
- Poletkin KV, Chernomorsky AI, Shearwood C, Wallrabe U. An analytical model of micromachined electromagnetic inductive contactless suspension. In: Proceedings of the ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. 15–21 November, 2013, San Diego, California, USA. P. V010T11A072. DOI: 10.1115/IMECE2013-66010.
- Xia D, Yu C, Kong L. A micro dynamically tuned gyroscope with adjustable static capacitance. Sensors. 2013;13(2):2176–2195. DOI: 10.3390/s130202176.
- Udalov PP, Popov IA, Lukin AV, Shtukin LV, Poletkin KV. Parametric stability of microscale contactless inductive suspension with an electrostatic control loop of stiffness. J. Mach. Manuf. Reliab. 2024;53:25–34. DOI: 10.1134/S1052618824010138.
- Poletkin K, Lu Z, en Hartogh B, Wallrabe U, Badilita V. Stability and spring constant investigation for micromachined inductivesuspensions: Theoretical analysis vs. experimental results. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 2014;557:012133. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/557/1/012133.
- Kalantarov PL, Cejtlin LA. Calculation of Inductors: The Reference Book. L.: Energoatomizdat; 1986. 488 p. (in Russian).
- Rosa EB, Grover FW. Formulas and Tables for the Calculation of Mutual and Self-inductance. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 1948. Vol. 169. 237 p.
- Poletkin KV. Calculation of magnetic force and torque between two arbitrarily oriented circular filaments using Kalantarov–Zeitlin’s method. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences. 2022;220:107159. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2022.107159.
- Babic S, Akyel C. Magnetic force between inclined circular loops (Lorentz approach). Progress In Electromagnetics Research B. 2012;38:333–349. DOI: 10.2528/PIERB12011501.
- Poletkin K, Lu Z, Wallrabe U, Korvink J, Badilita V. Stable dynamics of micro-machined inductive contactless suspensions. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences. 2017;131:linebreak 753–766. повтор пункта 26 %. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2017.08.016.
- Poletkin K. On the static pull-in of tilting actuation in electromagnetically levitating hybrid micro-actuator: Theory and experiment. Actuators. 2021;10(10):256. DOI: 10.3390/act10100256.
- Liu K, Zhang W, Liu W, Chen W, Li K, Cui F, Li S. An innovative micro-diamagnetic levitation system with coils applied in micro-gyroscope. Microsyst. Technol. 2010;16:431–439. DOI: 10.1007/s00542-009-0935-x.
- Liu W, Zhang W, Chen W. Simulation analysis and experimental study of the diamagnetically levitated electrostatic micromotor. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2019;492:165634. повтор пункта 34 %. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2019.165634.
- Poletkin K. Quasi-finite Element Modelling. In: Levitation Micro-Systems: Applications to Sensors and Actuators. Cham: Springer; 2021. P. 45–58. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-58908-0_4.
- Lu Z, Jia F, Korvink J, Wallrabe U, Badilita V. Design optimization of an electromagnetic microlevitation system based on copper wirebonded coils. In: Proceedings of the 2012 Power MEMS. 2–5 December 2012, Atlanta, GA. P. 363–366. DOI: 10.13140/2.1.4460.9284.
- Skubov DYu, Indeitsev DA, Udalov PP, Popov IA, Lukin AV, Poletkin KV. Nonlinear dynamics of a micromechanical non-contact induction suspension. Mech. Solids. 2023;58(6):2011–2023. DOI: 10.3103/S0025654423600307.
- Nayfeh AH. Perturbation Methods. New York: John Wiley; 2008. 425 p.
- Gatzke E. Introduction to MATLAB. In: Introduction to Modeling and Numerical Methods for Biomedical and Chemical Engineers. Cham: Springer; 2022. P. 99–121. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-76449-4_6.
- Dhooge A, Govaerts W, Kuznetsov YA, Meijer HGE, Sautois B. New features of the software MatCont for bifurcation analysis of dynamical systems. Mathematical and Computer Modelling of Dynamical Systems. 2008;14(2):147–175. DOI: 10.1080/13873950701742754.
- Lu Z, Poletkin K, den Hartogh B, Wallrabe U, Badilita V. 3D micro-machined inductive contactless suspension: Testing and modeling. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical. 2014;220:linebreak 134–143. DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2014.09.017.
- 524 reads